Alleviation of Heavy metal toxicity using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobium (PGPR)

Abstract

Rising heavy metal (HM) concentrations as a result of multiple human activities are a serious problem. Plants are adversely affected by HM contamination, particularly in contaminated soils. Plants struggle to live and suffer general health problems while under HM stress. The amount of various heavy metals in the environment has increased and is now dangerously high. The environment and human health have suffered as a result of the industrialization of the fertiliser, pesticide, and metallurgical sectors. Nonetheless, plants encounter a number of challenges in HM-contaminated environments, including nutritional and mineral deficiencies as well as modifications to several physiological and biological processes that reduce the plant's rate of growth. Recent advancements in our knowledge of the variety of PGPR in the rhizosphere, as well as their capacity for colonization and mode of action, should make it easier to use them as a trustworthy component in the management of a sustainable soil environment. The advancements made so far in employing rhizosphere bacteria for a range of purposes relating to agricultural improvement and general soil health